Absolutely no doubt it makes a difference... don't know the exact %, but have definitely experienced it recently when I changed from Sufix 832 50lb (0.4mm) to the PowerPro superslick 30lb (0.3mm) and increased my cast by 50m!! (This difference was exagerated by a bigger reel, but on the same 13ft rod).
EG:
Sufix 832 50lb is stated at 0.34mm, but Paulus measured it at 0.47 (which in itself is questionable), but still at 0.4mm it is thick! And breaks at 75lb!
Sufix 832 10lb breaks at 30lb and is 0.2mm diameter. Casting 0.4 vs 0.2 braid is the same difference as casting mono of 0.4 vs 0.2 - which is huge.
